Settlements > Phrygian Necropolis

Phrygian Necropolis

The Phrygian Necropolis refers to the burial sites associated with the ancient Phrygian civilization, which was located in central Anatolia, modern-day Turkey. The Phrygian kingdom, with its capital at Gordion, was prominent from around the 12th century BCE until it was conquered by the Lydians in the 7th century BCE. The necropolis at Gordion and other Phrygian sites is notable for its elaborate burial mounds (tumuli) and rock-cut tombs. Here’s an overview of the Phrygian Necropolis, its historical significance, key features, and legacy:

Historical Significance

Phrygian Civilization:

The Phrygians were an ancient Indo-European people who settled in central Anatolia. They are best known for their rich culture, advanced metallurgy, and the legendary King Midas.
The Phrygian kingdom played a crucial role in the political and cultural landscape of ancient Anatolia before it was absorbed by the Lydian and later Persian empires.

Burial Practices:

The Phrygian Necropolis reflects the burial practices and beliefs of the Phrygian people, emphasizing the importance of honoring the dead and providing for them in the afterlife.
The construction of monumental tombs indicates the presence of a stratified society with powerful and wealthy elites.

Key Archaeological Features

Gordion Necropolis:

The necropolis at Gordion, the Phrygian capital, is the most significant and well-studied Phrygian burial site. It includes a number of large burial mounds (tumuli) and rock-cut tombs.
The most famous tumulus at Gordion is the so-called "Midas Mound" (Tumulus MM), traditionally associated with King Midas. This massive burial mound stands about 53 meters high and 300 meters in diameter.

Tumulus MM (Midas Mound):

Tumulus MM is one of the largest burial mounds in Anatolia. Excavations have revealed a wooden chamber inside the mound, containing the remains of a high-status individual, along with rich grave goods.
The chamber contained furniture, bronze vessels, pottery, textiles, and other artifacts, indicating the wealth and status of the deceased. The tomb's construction and contents provide valuable insights into Phrygian craftsmanship and burial customs.

Rock-Cut Tombs:

In addition to tumuli, the Phrygians also constructed rock-cut tombs, particularly in the regions of Phrygian Highlands. These tombs were carved directly into the rock faces of cliffs and hills.
Notable examples of rock-cut tombs include those at sites like Midas City (Yazılıkaya), which feature elaborate facades with intricate carvings and inscriptions.

Funerary Art and Inscriptions:

The Phrygian Necropolis is rich in funerary art and inscriptions. The tombs often feature relief carvings, geometric patterns, and depictions of mythical figures.
Inscriptions in the Phrygian language provide valuable information about the deceased and the society. They often include names, titles, and invocations to the gods.

Cultural and Historical Impact

Influence on Anatolian Cultures:

The Phrygian burial practices and monumental tombs influenced neighboring cultures in Anatolia. The construction of tumuli and rock-cut tombs continued in later periods under the Lydians and Persians.
The Phrygian Necropolis provides insights into the cultural exchanges and interactions between different ancient Anatolian civilizations.

Archaeological Significance:

The necropolis at Gordion and other Phrygian sites offers a wealth of archaeological information about the Phrygian civilization. The well-preserved tombs and artifacts shed light on their social structure, economy, and cultural practices.
The discovery of Tumulus MM and its rich grave goods has been particularly important for understanding the material culture and artistic achievements of the Phrygians.

Legacy and Modern Relevance

Heritage and Tourism:

The Phrygian Necropolis, especially the site at Gordion, is an important cultural heritage site in Turkey. It attracts tourists, scholars, and history enthusiasts interested in ancient civilizations.
Efforts to preserve and promote these sites help to maintain their historical significance and ensure that their legacy is appreciated by future generations.

Museums and Exhibitions:

Artifacts from the Phrygian Necropolis, including those from Tumulus MM, are displayed in museums such as the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations in Ankara and local museums in the region.
These exhibits provide educational resources and public access to the rich cultural heritage of the Phrygians.

Conclusion

In summary, the Phrygian Necropolis, particularly the burial sites at Gordion, provides valuable insights into the burial practices, social structure, and cultural achievements of the ancient Phrygian civilization. The monumental tumuli, such as Tumulus MM, and rock-cut tombs reflect the wealth and power of Phrygian elites and their beliefs about the afterlife. Today, these sites are important archaeological and cultural heritage landmarks, attracting interest from scholars and visitors alike. The preservation and study of the Phrygian Necropolis continue to enhance our understanding of this significant ancient civilization.